Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay

1.Briefly State the Main Idea of the Article. The main idea of the article is to explain the entry barriers that new products need to handle in emerging markets that in developed markets. The existence of different kind of channels available to promote their product and expand the awareness. The main three factors discussed in the article are: Word of mouth, in store experience and initial brand consideration. But, there are other factors that also can play a major role in the growth of a product in any market as is the geographical location of the product. In developed countries where access to internet and TV it is not limited, the media marketing plays a big role in the awareness of the product because this might be the first approach to early adapters or new consumers of the product. While in countries where access to internet or a TV is limited, the product only can rely on the Word of Mouth. 2.List Three important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Idea. Word of mouth: This channel it is the most important for a new product in a new market, because it depends of the feedback is given by friends, relatives to the consumer. The in store experience: this is when the consumer has the first interaction with the product and that influences the final decision of the consumer. The initial brand consideration: This factor does not play a big role compared with the other two but is a factor to be taken into consideration for future product in order to expand the awareness of their product. 3.What Information or Ideas Discussed in this Article are Also Discussed in your Textbook, Discussion or Other Readings that You Have Done. Understand the Global Marketing Environment taking into consideration the different stages of the market. The different stages of the market in this article can be described as the low, high, upper level income of the countries where the access to media communication can be a crucial factor in order to expand the awareness of any product. Also, the social and cultural environments play a big role in the marketing plan of a product in emergent and developed markets, understanding these two environments will benefit the product in order to understand how to target a specific group of customers adding value to their needs. 4.List Any Examples of Bias or Faculty Reasoning That You Found in the Article. In my personal opinion I believe that the article does not have any faulty reasoning, I believe they are giving their feedback through their point of view, but I will like to address that most of the times developed countries fail to develop marketing strategies in emerging countries, for example they focus in marketing their product through TV in countries where the abstention to buy new products promoted through TV or web is low, they need to bring new strategy ideas in order to market their product in other countries. 5.List Any New Terms/Concepts That Were Discussed in the Article and Write a Short Definition or Commentary. Word of Mouth: this concept it is not new for me I understand what it means but I think it is a crucial factor in order to buy something new for me. For example when I started with the mountain biking, I was the emergent consumer to the market but thanks to my friends I was able to decide which where the best bicycles for me considering my budget, as well the accessories required helmet, gloves, cleats etc. (this is an opposite example but I think it works to explain that word of mouth is a major player when marketing and expanding products)

The Effects of Animal Cruelty and Abandonment

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, also known as the ASPIC, is another organization that serves to decrease animal abuse and enforce arrest towards careless pet owners. Among these organizations, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, PETA Is responsible for creating awareness and putting an end to animal cruelty. There are other ways an animal can be a victim of animal cruelty, without actually being harmed. Animal Hoarding, a practice of animal lovers, is ironically another related topic of animal cruelty.In some views, this is an attempt o save the animal, but many other views differ, saying this solution will only cause problems. Even though there are lots of organizations that help prevent animal cruelty and abandonment, there is still more that can be done.Animals should be loved and cherish, Instead of Ignored and neglected, How can this world wide crawls be solved? When animals are abandoned, they naturally begin to reproduce thousands of off spring, and because of this, baby animals roam and start to reproduce at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that more than 50 million cats and dogs live in happy homes in the US.On the contrary, over 50 million cats and dogs have been reported as neglected and abused. People are no longer willing to adopt animals. The population of animals and decreasing interest of owning pets has led to a huge number of animal overpopulation each year. Animal World Network explains that â€Å"For every human born, 7 puppies and kittens are born†¦ One female cat and her offspring can produce 420,000 cats in 7 years†¦ One female dog and her offspring can produce 67,000 puppies in 6 years. † One half of abandoned animals are taken into shelters and the other half are in the streets.About 61% of dogs and 75% f cats are bought to shelters and are killed because people do not adopt these animals In time. Due to the lack of education, shelter, financial and other resources, cats and dogs are first on the list to be housed In a shelter of the shortest amount of time and first on the list of animals to kill. The Humane Society is a worldwide organization supported by 11 million Americans which was founded in 1954. It is one of the best protection agencies for animals all over the world, raising over a million of dollars in order to create awareness to citizens.The mission of the Humane Society of he United States, HUGS Is to celebrate all breeds of animals and also to confront cruel TTY. HUGS states Tanat teen are â€Å"America's mainstream Torte gallant cruelty exploitation and neglect†. They confront these issues and provide animals with rescue facilities and clinics for them to get washed, fed and neutered. They are involved in and responsible for organizing meetings, marches, and forums in order to educate society about animal rescue and animal investigations.HUGS holds advertising campaigns to promote adoption for animals so that the nation knows wha t's going on and how they can help. HUGS partner with other associations to trench the message of their organization and create stronger ties with organization with similar missions. One program known as, â€Å"Humane Wildlife Services†, in the D. C metro area help homeowners and businesses with stopping violence towards animals. The Humane Wildlife Services help maintain valid solutions for problems concerning violent neighbors.HUGS strives to stop cruelty targeting â€Å"practices of dog fighting and cook fighting; abusive puppy mills†¦ Farming in†¦ Confinements of animal in crates and cages†¦ † HUGS does its best to protect all animals and they will continue this mission in confronting animal cruelty on a whole. Another organization that also helps stop animal cruelty is The American Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals known worldwide as the ASPIC. The ASPIC was established in North America in 1866 and still today they are here doing the best that they can offer.The This organization believes that animals should be treated fairly and has healthy environments. The ASPIC are the pioneers of all animal humane organizations, they continue to maintain legal authority to take charge in investigations and arrest criminals that treat animals poorly. The ASPIC claims that it is their mission to â€Å"provide local and national leadership†¦ Raring for pet parents and pets, providing positive outcomes for at – risk animals and serving victims of animal cruelty'.In other words, â€Å"animal cruelty is†¦ A serious issue†¦ N law enforcement and mental†. It is very important that people become involved and work to supply quick responses to these acts of criminal behavior. There is an organization like the Humane Society and ASPIC – People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, (PETA) is also involved in solving issues on animal cruelty. There was a lady named, â€Å"Ingrain E. Newsier, an autho r and co-founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, who put together essays y people who took the initiative and helped create change. She started PETA in 1980 in her Washington, D. C. Basement to offer people simple vegetarian options and alternatives to products from companies that used animals in research.The nonprofit has grown to 2. 5 million supporters -? the largest animal-rights organization in the world -? and has created a global shift in awareness about the plight of animals†. Petal's focus is primarily on animals suffering on farms, clothing trade areas, laboratories, and in industries around the world. To create aware of their cause, PETA works through education. Meetings are held around the world to raise awareness to many people.They visit schools to educate children and adults about their organization. They also work with â€Å"cruelty investigations, research, animal rescue, legislation, special events, and celebrity involvement, and protest camp aigns†. PETA exclaims that animals have a Voice' too and all they want is some love to be given towards them. PETA strives to encourage people to take action because it is up to us to make a change. A dichotomous act animal lovers experience is that of animal hoarding. How can animals be negatively affected by people that love to be care for needy animals?I Nils Issue NAS Eden Known to affect as many as u. Animal annually. An extreme case reported there over 800 pets living in one home. When there is see an elderly woman lady, for example, living with 15-20 pets, a problem arises because it is harmful toward those animals, being bunched up together. The are many reasons why animal hoarding is practiced by many people. One of the reasons is that a person experienced a traumatic situation, which induced stress, b living conditions, and tough health problems. A person is then in denial of their owe problems and they in turn look to have large amount of animals to conceal their ow e rife in their lives.Many animals are affected; not Just cats or dogs. Animals such a chickens, snakes, ferrets, birds, goats, rabbits, lizards and many more are affected b animal hoarding. Animal Legal Fund, an organization fighting to protect the lives of animals says that, â€Å"In terms of the number of animals affected and the degree and duration of their suffering, hoarding is the number one animal cruelty crisis facing companion animals in communities throughout the country. † These animals are living bunched up together with no proper equipment to sustain a healthy environment, the start to suffer from unsanitary conditions.In effect, these animals â€Å"are sick, dying and poorly socialized†. LADY listed ways to decrease the amount of animal hoarding in the world. The first strategy is the use of civil action in stopping animal hoarders and documents these cases as acts of cruelty towards animals. The second strategy is to stop animal hoarding by taxing the h oarder that is doing the crimes, instead of the local taxpayer. When animals are rescued from homes, bundles of them are confiscated and this makes it hard for local agencies and organizations to feed and comfort these animals, because there is not enough none.A majority of the time, money is taxed to the average working person when they had nothing to do with it. LADY suggested that the money should come from the hoarders instead of hard working citizens.. The final strategy, which falls in line wit the first strategy, would be that laws are applied very seriously to situations like HTH There will be sentencing given towards animal hoarders that try to repeat criminal acts. LADY is working hard to stop animal cruelty in society. First time offenders of animal hoarding will be prosecuted according to LADY First Strike and You're Out La.In this essay, many sources were stated to inform readers about animal abandonment and cruelty. Many organizations and facilities are doing everythin g possible to decrease violence towards animals around the world. Has the world ma an improvement? Can society clap for them because of a Job â€Å"well done† ? NO! I choose this topic because this is a worldwide issue and it should be discussed moor to make change in the future. Animals throughout the world will continue to experience these situations for a long time, but it is so much that people can do. Animals will still be neglected, mistreated and devalued as living, breathing ratters.This worldwide issue needs to stop and it is up to the people to take a stand. Communities have to be willing to give animals Voices' and help them survive We may have thousands of organizations around the world trying very hard to stop animal cruelty but people need to take initiative in their surroundings; people must realize the criminal act and severity of animal abandonment and its reproductions. Slowly many organizations along with individual communities are creating awareness around animal cruelty, however, somewhere in each community there is a lonely animal roaming ten streets omen snouts report tans to Nell ten Animal.

Teaching Survival Skills

Should students be taught survival skills in schools? Have you ever thought about how you would survive if you were to be stranded alone? No food, no water, no shelter, nothing to make a fire with except sticks and a rock. If you were in a dangerous situation, would you be able to make it out alive? Schools nowadays are teaching many different classes. Some are very useful, but some may not be. Most kids today wouldn't know the first thing to do if they were alone and needed to find food or create a shelter. There are no survival skills taught to us as children, we are simply taught to do paperwork our entire lives. If schools taught survival in one class in each school around the globe, human intelligence would double and we would evolve. Teaching survival skills helps the mind. It helps make us think faster, smarter and can even teach us more responsibility and independence. Indianoutskirts.com says that â€Å"humans live in many habitats and need survival skills to evolve and change according to our environment†. Some skills students should be taught include: how to cook on an open fire, how to be able to identify if water is safe enough to drink, and how to climb a tree to get away from dangers or predators. Most parents do not teach their children or even think to see if they are equipped with survival skills. Some parents may not agree with teaching these skills in schools, they might not even want them to learn at all. They may say that they do not want to scare them or say that they do not think their child is interested in the topic. Even though they may not be interested, parents should try to explain to them the dangers, how to avoid them and how to survive if they are ever in that situation. The biggest reason that parents should teach their kids these things is because we live in uncertain times. Children who do not learn these skill sets could face many challenges. The world changes everyday and humans learn to adapt and to evolve with their environments. We should be teaching our kids self-defense and many other skills to benefit them in their lives. In the future, if we learn more skills as children, the human species may continue on for billions of years to come.

The Future of Wi-Fi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Future of Wi-Fi - Research Paper Example Wi-Fi is fast becoming a comparatively low-cost, high-bandwidth wireless technology that's being embedded in a growing number of devices as well as a growing number of locations, including vehicles and carrier hotspots, like proliferating hotbeds of connectivity. This paper continues with a discussion of the role of how Wi-Fi technology and Wi-Fi enabled devices are expanding connectivity and increasing download speeds. The paper will then explore the benefits of the latest advancements in Wi-Fi technology and the challenges to implementing it. The conclusion discussions will comprise how Wi-Fi will change the future of wireless networks and shape how business and personal communication and collaboration are done. Introduction The vision of Wi-Fi blanketing entire cities in the United States has not been realized to the extent many people envisioned. Some people believe it may never come to pass while others believe that Wi-Fi technology has too many benefits and features for it pass into obsolescence. This paper explores various concepts of Wi-Fi. The basic aim of this research is to show the importance of Wi-Fi technology in today’s changing world. This paper will discuss advantages and disadvantages of Wi-Fi technologies. This paper will also discuss the ways companies make use of Wi-Fi technology in order to carry out their activities. Wi-Fi is a networking technology and usually abbreviated as Wireless Fidelity. In the past it was acknowledged as Hi-Fi. Additionally, Wi-Fi is a straightforward and efficient networking technology that is used to link companies, people and organizations to the internet for their personal and business related use. However changing trends result in tremendous changes to PC related stuff with new Wi-Fi-supportive applications. In this scenario, there are lots of examples related to high-end Mobile Phones that require no wires or device for establishing a connection between two devices or computers. Wi-Fi has grown to be a common technology that is used widespread either at home or in office environment. Additionally, the usage of Wi-Fi networks usually depends upon the needs of users. It offers various benefits such as there is no aspect of Roaming (access to get connect even far away from home), no need to change Wire from one place to another and also offers conferencing facilities (Eogogics, 2011; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005, pp. 249-251; WellOiledPC, 2011). In view of the fact that Wi-Fi networking technology emerged and progressed in a short span of time however this technology finished with approximately billion of customers round the globe. In this scenario, a market growth survey was conducted by a market researcher In-Stat. According to this research 294 million customers were using electronics devices along with networking technology in the year 2007. Moreover, important aspect in growth is its growing still now. Some researchers and analysts say that this rapidly growth wil l probably exceed up to 1 billion by 2012. Thus, this fastest growth in Wi-Fi networking technology results in numerous factors that are liked with our daily lives or it leads toward the business solution. Another aspect in its growth is its low price over the past few years (Reardon, 2008). Wi-Fi networking technology is a standard way for enhancing sales and visibility for achieving competitive edge in the market.

Five Roots of American Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Five Roots of American Music - Essay Example Singular interest is given to each group's exceptional history and occurrence in American ethnicity and humanity; examination of each group's musical customs from a techno and an artistic outlook; and in order of development of listening and expressive dexterity through a range of media including films and recordings (Portia ,2006) Part 2 By 1492, there hundreds of Native Americans living in the United States and adopted their own musical traditions who played rattles, drums, sang, danced and played rasps. This form of music was passed on from one community through oral means by their ancestors. The Native Americans considered singing as one of their most important part of their lives. Spiritual power was called upon through the usage of rhythm instruments when singing, the most common instrument in rhythm being the drums and rattles. (Portia, 2006)Whistles were also used as a way of calling people who were at a distance and also used to pass on warnings to others. The European Ameri cans came to existence in the United States primarily because in the ancient history, the United States had a policy that admitted more immigrants from the European countries thus resulted in large number of European settlers in America. As expected, (Joyner, 2006) the Europeans also adopted their culture of music since they were diverse in their own history. They had three categories of music that included: religious, classical and also popular music. The religious music was the earliest type of music brought to America by the European settlers. This religious music showed the practices of catholic and protestant religion. (Portia, 2006) Part 3 The Asian America arrived in the 19th century for economics purposes. The Asian American adopted the cultural music and was popular during ceremonial and ritual activities as a way of expressing their social and religious views. ( Joyner, 2006) Africa America music came to existence in the late 1890s and included a variety of styles used in expressing it. This included; blues, jazz, rhythm, raps, souls and ragtime. They have a single trait that is unique of the African and American ideology. This history blended with change in culture of the African American culture. The African America way of music was considered as the music of the slaves and then it became the music of the freed slaves. The African America was recruited as slaves who worked for the whites in colonies and were subjected to torture in the American land. Part 4 The Europeans came to spread religious views and also wanted to spread their culture n the United States that they had migrated to. This facilitated the means and way of intermingle ling among the two subjects. (George, 2005)The Native American was settlers who consisted of a certain tribe of Indian origin and had settled in the America in the 17th century. Many of the settlers wee religious people and also practiced singing through the use of drums and trumpets. This perfected the art of music as they also included the use of playing guitars and even saxophones. Meanwhile in the African American, there was revolution of music as blues, raps and souls came to being popular among the black people that were living as slaves in the United States of America. This form of music was readily accepted by the local residents including the immigrants from Europe. They viewed this type of music as being artistic in nature and that it promoted peace among them. This form of pop music and rap was used during occasions like ceremonies, parties and

Why did God become man in Jesus Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why did God become man in Jesus Christ - Essay Example How the death of Jesus Christ, as a man, could become an act of redemption for all human beings is further explained by St. Athanasius. It is revealed that â€Å"in His death all might die, and the law of death thereby be abolished because, having fulfilled in His body that for which it was appointed, it was thereafter voided of its power for men.† And this became the completion of a circle that started when man was banished from the Garden of Eden with the cure of death fallen upon him. And this is why as Corinthians 15:22 says, â€Å"in Adam, all die† but in Jesus, all resurrect. Such an intervention by God became imperative just because man had once â€Å"shared the nature of the Word† but the same man was now the slave of corruption, made so by the â€Å"deceit† of the devil. As the second coming of Jesus as indicated in the Messianic prophesy, is to impart the â€Å"final death blow† to Satan, this second coming in all possibilities will not be in the form of man again. The Revelation 001:007 of the Bible has made a record of this second coming and has said, â€Å"behold, he is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, including those who pierced him.† From the allusion to the clouds, it is clear that Jesus is not coming the second time as a man, a mortal. Hence it has to be concluded that only the first coming of Jesus is the first and last instance in which he is coming as a mortal. This is the real rarity of the situation.

Copy Protection Of Fashion Design Is A Futile Exercise Speech or Presentation

Copy Protection Of Fashion Design Is A Futile Exercise - Speech or Presentation Example The main topic of the work is to study â€Å"high† fashion and mass production fashion in the USA. The goal of the work is to describe the core mechanism of new fashion ideas appearance and how it is related to copyright laws. It is through the practice of taking the design of one and re-imagining it that the fashion industry in America manages to thrive and exist even during the times of depression. The conclusion the writer makes is fashion for both men and women can only presented a certain number of ways. The only thing that keeps the design fresh and innovative are the various small modifications made by other designs based upon their predecessors work or their current imagination. The author points out that smaller fashion houses thrive on the basis of free enterprise and competition which allows fashion not to become an overpriced, elitist representation of modern civilization that can only be afforded by a few. The author also studies the problems of fashion industry i n the USA. The real problem in the fashion industry is not the fact that designers get â€Å"inspiration† from one another, but rather, that there are unscrupulous individuals who copy their labels which are protected under the trademark laws. The fashion industry of America does not need protecting, it thrives under the copycat enterprise. Those small fashion houses that create modified versions of the current trends don't misrepresent the items as high fashion. The actual harm comes from the fake designer label fashion originating in Asia that poses the real threat to fashion industry. . ... These small fashion houses have the ability to mass produce an exact replica or a modified replica (as is always the case) of the current fashion trends fresh off the fashion runway of New York. People like Furstenberg are elitists who, in my humble opinion, believe that high couture belongs only in the hands of the ruling elite, while run of the mill fashion belongs to everyone else. What is truly ironic about these people's cause is that they are led by a woman (Furstenberg) who would actually be found guilty of violating the IDPPA. She credits herself and bemoans the fact her design for a green wrap around dress, which is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art has been redesigned and modified countless times by innumerable fashion designers without giving her the acknowledgment that is due her as the creator of the â€Å"original† design. However, a quick look into the history of this type of fashion design dates all the way back to the time of the ancient Greeks who had men and women sporting the earliest designs of the wrap as part of the dress fashion of ancient times. Not to forget also that, according to Johanna Blakely (2011) : â€Å"If credit were to be given to the â€Å"creator,† many students of fashion would probably think you meant Claire McCardell, a successful American designer who introduced a wrap-around dress to the American market in 1942. It was called the â€Å"popover† and it was originally made of denim, but she eventually transformed the design for dresses, coats and beach wraps. â€Å" The above scenario further proves the futility of copy righting a design to only one person for a period of 3 years as prescribed in the IDPPA. One only has to realize that fashion in every sense of the

Critique E-Mail Documentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique E-Mail Documentation - Essay Example Grey. personal communication MT1 29, 199X). Consequently, the emails made the situation even worse. Furthermore, the composed mails in majority of the instances failed to adhere to the rules of Basic English grammar, and the choice of the words in case of a formal letter also made the scenario extremely critical. The use of uppercase in a few of the originally mailed messages violated basic norms of formal English writing. Additionally, the mails were unable to depict a clear picture of the concerned matter by focusing more on inappropriate use of words and showing emotional feelings which could have been reserved for a face-to-face interaction. The e-mails failed to convey the actual meaning to either of the participants involved in the conversations. The exchanges were communicated in an extremely informal way without being concise. Thus, it can be stated that the participants were not careful during the exchange. The mails composed rather overshadowed the actual subject. The parti cipants were not able to understand the actual matter; rather they got confused in their efforts towards resolving the issue. It would have been better for them to have a round table discussion and to chalk out the issue personally with relying more on the face-to-face communication. Moreover, the participants took extended period of time to resolve the issue which could have been resolved more quickly. It can be stated that participants failed to resolve the concerning issue effectively. The exchanges of the emails were far below the expected level of professionalism. The poor use of grammar and punctuation, spelling mistakes cannot be considered to be professional. The participants were required to follow at least basic formal English language rules that would have helped them to present their messages in an understandable manner. In addition to this, the e-mail exchange was not considerate. The messages composed were missing the core subject matter; instead of resolving the issue , the composed emails increased its complexity. They could have been more thoughtful towards their mail composition and could have sequenced their messages in a more understandable and precise manner. The composed mails were lengthy and deviated far from the actual subject. In several instances the mails used many unethical words, such as killing and disgrace among others, which should not have been included (Frodo Jackson, personal communication, MT1 26, 199X). These words create a negative impression about the communicator. Thus, the entire e-mail exchanges lacked professionalism and use of ethical as well as formal composition. Part 2 - Improve the Communications "Improving Frodo's Communication" From: "Frodo Jackson" To: theprofessor@someinstitutionsomewhere.edu Sent: DayofWk, MT1 13, 199X 7:53:11 PM GMT -05:00 US/Canada Eastern Subject: Assignment 1-5-1 Professor Grey: Attached is my final assignment of 1-5-1. I appreciate your help during the course. I wish you great term brea k time. Thank you, Frodo Jackson ----- Original Message ----- From: Frodo Jackson To: The Professor Sent: DayofWk, MT1 26, 199X 12:59:22 PM Subject: Re: Grades Professor Grey Frodo I have checked my report and find it to be incomplete. I was looking forward for the grade to be updated by MTI/26/0X. At the same time, I

Sexual Attraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sexual Attraction - Essay Example Therefore on our biological level sexual attraction is a display of reproductive abilities; on psychological level we want to support that spiritual bond among individuals and reveal our emotions; in sociological frames sexual attraction is caused by cultural, legal and other aspects of our lives; from the point of view of philosophy, sexual attraction has prints of all the aspects of inner and outer worlds. Different societies have different mechanisms and criteria of sexual attraction. Historical and cultural backgrounds of our lives create stereotypes of what good and bad is, what sexual and what is not †¦ A complex bundle of personal preferences, experiences, genetic information, moral values of the society determine what is sexually attractive for any individual. First and most common idea is that sexual attraction should be considered in terms of physical appearance of a person. Whether this statement right or not, we’ll consider in this section. Furthermore it is relevant to give a brief overview of historical roots of sexual attraction if any. Thus in prehistoric age a woman with broad shoulders, big belly and flabby breasts considered to be sexually attractive (Buss, 1994). The epoch of Renaissance renovated this tendency and this image followed its existence. Nevertheless it’s hard to imagine that modern society could accept this image as an attractive one. Nowadays in order to be sexually attractive, a modern woman should be tall, slim, have good-looking face, proportional breasts and full lips. Following this criterion, we can conclude that sexual attraction is differentiated on a visual level. But female sexual image discussed above can be transformed in accordance with subjective attitude and imagination of an individual. Another question appears at this point: who is the individual deciding what is sexually attractive and what is

Policing in the United States Essay Example for Free

Policing in the United States Essay Does homeland security issues influence the way police enforce the law? Please give an example. I agree with the statement that homeland security issues do influence the way the police enforce the law. My reasons for doing so will make most people agree with me. If a country is very strict about its homeland security issues example the United States after the 9/11 attacks, the police will have a more autocratic role to play. In contrast to this, a country which is seemingly lax about its security issues such as India (where policemen are not equipped with weapons but with sticks to deal with any anomaly in the law and order situation) or even the United States before the September 11 attacks, will see the police play more of a peace keeping role than a reformatory and punishing one. If the country is at high risks from terrorists, policemen will be influenced such that they will be more stringent in their duty performance, will check every suspicious person or suspicious looking immigrant etc. similarly, if the country is at risk from bomb threats or hijacking threats, the policemen will be more then strict in the performance of their duties. So the circumstances of a country do affect police enforcement of the law. An apt example over here (if an example of a country other then the US can be given) can be given of Pakistan and the emergency it imposed in November 2007. The police were given sweeping powers such that they could arrest people without proper investigation all in the name of maintaining proper law and order in the country (Thomas , 2006). Does Policing in the United States presents a dilemma between the rights of the individual and the need to maintain public order? Please explain and give an example. To this question, my answer would also be yes. I would say this is mainly because of the September 11 attacks and the big affect it has had on our country’s security. On one hand, the United States condones the rights of individuals and declares human beings’ sanctity to be above that of the Higher Being. But on the other hand, its law enforcement methods, particularly in regards to immigrants, especially Muslims, leave a lot to be desired. If the Human Rights act gives everyone permission to freely practice their religions, then this country has no right to subject certain people to greater suspicion only on the basis of their religion (Anthony, 2001). Similarly, the rights of an individual grant him the freedom to live his life as he seems fit. At the same time, police often interrupt bar room brawls and arrest drunkards. So this is not following the human rights act to its letter. An example of this conflict between the rights of individuals and the need to maintain public law and order is of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp on the shore of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Rights of individuals are abused there such as keeping them in indefinite detention, torture, beatings, locking in confined cells and sleep deprivation. But the United States government under George Bush argued that such measures were necessary if the American Public was to sleep safe at night as the men were all dangerous terrorists and criminals. Now President Obama has ordered the detention camp to be closed but it is still an apt example when discussing the above statement. Q3: How does the era of Homeland security affect community policing? Please explain and give an example. Community policing involves expansion of police functions and no longer a stress on traditional police duties. It proposes big changes in the way things have always been done including organizational change, liaison with external sources to solve problems and a more proactive approach to solving problems. It deals in many different areas such as school safety where it recommends assigning police officers to schools and educating teenagers on the danger of possessing firearms to police integrity which targeted trust between the community and the police. It was a relatively adequate policy until the disastrous September 11, 2001 attacks where the police were forced to rethink their strategy. They started concentrating more on pressing security concerns and terror attacks and suddenly this Community Policing system was termed inadequate (Wesley , 2003). I disagree with this current policy because in my opinion, Community Policing was a very balanced approach, where service provision, crime control and order maintenance were given equal weight age. It is followed now to a lesser extent because policemen are now too busy addressing security concerns to concern themselves with building a healthy relationship with the community. But seeing the benefits of this method, the country has started adopting it in its spirit again such as the number of people being employed by the US Police Department is steadily increasing over the years. References Book Thomas, F. A. (2006). Police Field Operations. Prentice Hall. Anthony, M. (2001). Public Order and Law . Boydell Press. Wesley, G. S. (2003). Community Policing. Wadsworth Publishing.

The Life Of Adoor Gopalakrishnan Film Studies Essay

The Life Of Adoor Gopalakrishnan Film Studies Essay Moutatthu Adoor Gopalakrishnan Unnithan is a National Award winning Indian film director, script writer, and producer. Adoor Gopalakrishnan had a major role in revolutionizing Malayalam cinema. Adoor Gopalakrishnan first film Ones Own Choice (1972) pioneered the new wave cinema movement in Kerala. Over the last 40 years Gopalakrishnan has made films, short films, plays and documentaries in the Malayalam language spoken in the Kerala state located in the south west corner of India. All the 11 films he directed, from Ones Own Choice (1972) to A Climate for Crime (2008), were screened at several International film festivals and won him several National and International awards. He won National Film Awards fifteen times, Kerala State Film Awards seventeen times and also won several International Film Awards. He won the prestigious British Film Institute award for The Rat Trap (1981). Adoor Gopalakrishnan received the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2006. The Nation honored Adoor for his valuable contributions to Indian cinema by awarding him the highest cinema award of India, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2004. He is one among the very few Indian film makers who are well known in the international film fraternity. (Razdan ) During the 1970s a revitalized movement for good cinema called parallel cinema started in Kerala with Adoor Gopalakrishnan leading the cause. Parallel Cinema is an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema, is a specific movement in Indian cinema, known for its serious content, realism and naturalism, with a keen eye on the sociopolitical climate of the times. A neo-realist film director by definition Adoor films tend to be much more than that. He involves the audience allowing them to become part of the film rather than just spectators. Adoors films and the characters in them are derived from real people and real situations. He uses his films to address underlying social problems presented in his home state of Kerala. Nothing is sugar coated, only the real stories of common social problems and how these problems affect people in their daily lives. His films dont necessarily try to solve these problems, but show the viewers the sacrifices and hardships those problems present to people that because of different social classes the viewers might not be aware of. By watching other peoples struggles, Adoor lets his audience experience and learn from these life struggles in hopes that the viewers wont repeat some of the mistakes that were made. Adoor Gopalakrishnan has been known as a director who completely dictates every fine detail of his films. From cinematography to acting, Adoor molds each frame of his films, inviting viewers to experience and discover new levels of thinking while still addressing the key overtone of the plot of his film. On the performance of actors in his movies, he stated that It is not the artists job to do the detailing. I do not want different interpretations of roles that may clash with each other. It has to be absolutely unified. According to Adoor in movies, the actor is not performing to the audience like the stage actor. Here they are acting for me. I am the audience and I will decide whether it is correct or not, enough or not. (Panicker) The film, Ones own choice (1972) is a film that portrays the middle class of Kerala as it transitions to a more modernist society. The emphasis of the film shows the economic and social crisis that young couples endure while trying to make a life for themselves. In the beginning there happy and together but as life plays out there world is turned upside down and in the end all we see is a woman, distraught, alone and overwhelmed starring into a unknown future by herself and her small child. This was the 1st feature film that Adoor directed and it went on to win many national and international awards. The film, Four Women (2009) tells the tales of four women in modern India. Each woman had their own roles in the film: the virgin, spinster, prostitute, and house wife. There is no real plot associated with this film or any type of closure enabling the Adoor to focus the viewers attention to the individual stories of the women. Each woman has her own social status in the film and their stories reflect their perspective in regards to their status during the time that they lived in. This film tends to show male domination of the women, but also gives way to a feminist rebellion brewing in each woman. Yet the film is not feminist in nature, since Adoor Gopalakrishnan is more concerned in portraying the era and the fine details it holds regarding the rituals and patterns of society than just to present a story regarding the power and will of womanhood. Irrespective of the fact, that he took his liberties in exercising what should be seen and what remains unseen and what remained- the ear thly nature of the film, which in all due, is as much powerful to what is portrayed (the role and growth of the woman). These women understand their roles, but are starting to believe that they can be something better. The film puts an emphasis on what constitutes living a life or just going through the motions of life. These women want to be something more than their social class structure allows them to be and without forgetting there place, they strive to be more than they are or at last dream they are. (Nitesh) Shadow Kill (2002) is the story of a hangman, Kaliyappan. The executioner is unhappy due to the guilt attached to his means of earning income. He realizes that the executions that he often carries out are a result of politics and not justice. To cleanse himself of the guilt, the King issues a pardon in the form of a clemency order, which deliberately arrives a few minutes after the hanging. However, Kaliyappan has no way to absolve himself from the guilt. As times change, the hangings grow increasingly few and far between. One day Kaliyappan receives orders to prepare for another hanging, which is due to take place in a couple of days. Kaliyappans preparations include rigorous prayers and penance; yet as the day draws closer, he becomes more and more perturbed. Just before the execution, Kaliyappan sits down with his friends for a traditional drink. To pass time, one of them starts telling a story about a young girl who was raped and murdered. As the story proceeds Kaliyappan begins to imagine the young victim to be his own daughter. The overpowering thoughts completely shatter his mental framework and he is unable to perform the execution. In this film Adoor shows the audience what its like to live in someone elses shoes. Would we make the same mistakes or come to the same reasoning as Kaliyappan did? As human beings are our lives controlled by fate or do we have control of what happens around us? These are some of the questions that after watching this movie become apparent. Adoor gives the viewers the opportunity to face these questions through the eyes of the Kaliyappan. The Rat Trap (1981) is a film about a middle-aged rural landowner, who has never had to do a thing for himself, loses the female relatives who wait on him, one after another, and watches helplessly as his estate, already ravaged by thefts and mismanagement, falls into decay. With his only known life in ruins he completely withdrawals to himself and becomes completely self absorbed, incapable of caring or showing any response to change. He is trapped in his own life. Instead of trying to find a way out he simply gives up all hope and does nothing. He is a man caught in a trap or as the movie title suggests a Rat Trap. This film went on to win many International awards and won the coveted Sutherland trophy at the 1982 London Film Festival. Adoor Gopalakrishnan films are drawn from real people, real lives. His cinema manages to frame details that often escape our everyday glance, turning the mundane into the magical, the commonplace into the startling. Adoors characters are extraordinarily varied. A couple living in defiance of society, trying to make ends meet; a rootless, rustic man unaware of his responsibilities; an ex-revolutionary wasting himself, sleeping and eating and drinking, much to the disgust of his old comrades; and a prostitute discovering love only to be separated from her lover by the guardians of society. He invites his viewers to open their minds to different experiences and life lessons that each character presents. As Adoor stated in an interview at the London Film Festival Ideas come from life, what you have been living through and what you have observed. Creativity defies simple definitions and explanations. The mysterious and unknown element of it is what make it ever exciting and interesting. (Bhaskaran) His work has motivated a new generation of film-makers to use their medium in bold new ways and to explore traditionally forbidden topics. Adoor Gopalakrishnan films are about humanity and what experiences we learn through living. He doesnt give the answers but his films guide us as viewers to an understanding that unfamiliar or uncertain aspects of life are just that, a part of life, which we can learn and grow from.

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout Full  Characterization  of  Gain  and  Noise  Boundaries  for  NFmin or  Unity SWRout Operation M. R. M. Rizk1,4, Ehab Abou-Bakr*,2, A. A. A. Nasser3, El-Sayed A. El-Badawy1 and Amr M. Mahros1,5 Abstract-For a receiver sub-block, Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is the first stage after the receiving antenna and as a key device, its amplification and noise figure (NF) affects the whole performance of the receiving part. In this paper we present a full graphical visualization in terms of gain, standing wave ratio (SWR) and noise for a GaAs HJ-FET transistor in two operating cases; i)NFmin, ii) Unity SWRout. The set of curves and contours presented will provide the designer with enough visual information about the transistor operating boundaries and will also visually assist on choosing the appropriate matching points for a wideband operation according to the desired (GT,SWR) for case (i) and (GT,SWRin,NF) for case (ii). Numerical examples are given for each operating case and verified via a microwave circuit design software package to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed graphical techniques. The results from simulations compare favourably with the visually estimated values. INTRODUCTION Introducing a wide-band LNA with acceptable noise figure and gain depends mainly on choosing a suitable transistor[1, 2, 3, 4]. Several successful techniques have been developed in the literature to develop discrete transistors with super low NF and high associated gain [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Different challenging techniques have been used to simultaneously get high gain, low noise figure, good input and output matching and unconditional stability at the lowest possible current draw from the amplifier. In 1982, Yarman et al.[12] introduced a software based non-linear optimization method based on their procedural simplified real frequency technique. This design procedure is applicable to broadband multistage FET amplifiers with no decisions to be made in advance. It was more efficient and accurate than other available CAD methods to fulfill the most optimum gain and SWR over a predefined bandwidth. This method was later extended by Perennec et al.[13] to optimize the noise figure in parallel with the gain and mismatch. Capponi et al. [14], expressed the performance of LNA in input matching condition by analyzing the Combined noise-SWR using the general curve family specified for a given active device. The determination of the required input/output terminations of the active device was explained in [15] when the power gain, noise figure, and input and output mismatch constraints are placed on the amplifier. Bengtsson et al. [16] devised a novel SWR test procedure for GaN-HEMT devices. In [17], the operation conditions of a selected high technology transistor were used along the typical design configurations to find a compromise relations between the gain, noise figure for the output port matching. Recentely graphical methods along with optimization methods for describing the full capacity of the selected transducer under a given set of noise figure and SWR constrains are discussed in [18, 19, 20]. Received  date * Corresponding author: Ehab Abou-Bakr ([emailprotected]). Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Behera, Egypt. Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy For Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt. SmartCI, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia. The (noise, gain, SWR) triplets can be expressed on the Smithchart as circles on both the source and load reflection coefficient planes [21, 22]. Choosing matching points on the Smithchart based on the variations of gain circles radii reflects on the noise/SWR performance of the whole amplifier circuit. Pre-Knowledge of the transistors full capacity with respect to gain, SWR and noise could facilitate the choice of the correct part for the targeted design goals. In this paper, two cases of design restrictions are taken into consideration; i) NFoperation, ii) unity SWRout. For each of these cases, a formed data base is used to create sets of boundaries for the transducer gain GT and NF that will reveal the full operating capacity o the selected transistor. Visual selection of the desired performance is possible and extraction of the appropriate matching points for single frequency or wideband operation is made simple. The selected active device for our investigation is the GaAs HJ-FET transistor NE3210S01 from Renessa Electronics [24]. The transistor is potentially unstable at VDS= 2V, ID= 10mAin the frequency rage below 8.6 GHz [26, 27]. So, by conducting the investigation in a range above this frequency (9-12)GHz, no additional circuit component is required to drive the transistor to its conditional stability region. As a result, the (NFmin) and their corresponding (ÃŽâ€Å"opt) provided in the manufacturer datasheet are used directly without any modifications. More intermediate dataset that is not provided in the datasheet, is used in our investigation. This was possible by using the interpolation option provided by the Advanced Design Systems (ADS) from Keysight technologies [25]. This manuscript is organized as follows: Numerical example and simulation verification are presented in section.2 for demonstrating the usage of the graphical gain boundaries and the imposing of SWR on them for NFmin operation. In section.3, the idea of correlating noise, gain and SWR on a single graph using NF boundaries are presented and aided by another numerical example. The conclusion is discussed in section.4. GAIN BOUNDARIES FOR NFMIN OPERATION All the basic formulas used in the presented analysis is listed in Table.1. In [22], three expressions for the gain are provided. These are; the transducer gain (GT), the available gain (GA) and the operating power gain (GP). The design of a microwave amplifier requires utilizing one or more of these gain criteria to reach the required design goals. Graphically, all the previously mentioned types can be represented as circles on the Smithchart. However, choosing which gain type to use in the design, depends on the transistor type and the required design criterion. +j1.0 +j0.5 GP circles +j2.0 +j0.2 +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 As the radius CP increases, the Value of GP decreases -j5.0 -j0.5 -j2.0 -j1.0 Figure1.For NFmin operation, Different operating gain circles obtained by changing the GP factor in (15) Table1.Basic equations used in the analysis ÃŽâ€Å"inà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - C1 = |S11 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(10) ÃŽâ€Å"b=S GA 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"inÃŽâ€Å"S gA= 2(11) ÃŽâ€Å"outà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - |S21| ÃŽâ€Å"b=L (2) g Cà ¢Ã‹â€ - 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"outÃŽâ€Å"L CP=P 2 (12) S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S 1 + gP(|S22|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) ÃŽâ€Å"in= S11 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (3) I P S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S rP=22 ÃŽâ€Å"out= S22 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (4) 1 + gP(|S22| à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |) (13) SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"a|(5) in1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"a| C2 = |S22 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(14) GP SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"b|(6) out1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"b| gP= |S21 (15) |2 GT= 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"sS11|2 |S21|2 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"L|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"LÃŽâ€Å"out|2 . (7) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S22|2 + |à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2 2|S21S12| (16) CA= gACà ¢Ã‹â€ - (8) G= |S21|I2 1 + gA(|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) I Pmax |S12 (Kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ | K à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(17) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2K|S21S12|gA+ |S12S21|2g2 NF = NFmin+ 4rn|ÃŽâ€Å"Sà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"opt|2 (18) rA= 1 + gP (|S11 (9) |2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S |2)|1 + ÃŽâ€Å" opt|2 (b) Figure2.Distribution of SWRout over operating gain circles for NFmin operation at 12 GHz a) A 3D representation with small values of SWRout displayed in lighter colors, b) A plane view of the same figure with actual values of SWRout on the color bar. 2.1. Imposing SWR on GT Boundaries for a Wideband, NFmin Operation Considering the above choices, the bilateral property of the Device Under Test (DUT) disfavor the usage of GT circles. Also, targeting a NFmin operation forces ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optand this prevents the usage of GA circles. As a result, GP circles in the ÃŽâ€Å"L plane of the Smithchart were used. 16 14 1212 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz9 GHz 10 8 6 Maximum attainable G T Minimum attainable G T 2 1212.51313.51414.51515.51616.5 Operating gain (G ) P Figure3.GT vs. GP, where GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax regions for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are shown in solid and dotted lines respectively. For a certain frequency of operation, changing the value of the GP factor in (15) will produce different circles for the operating gain as shown in Figure.1. Each point on the circumference of these circles represent a unique value of ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat can be used for matching according to the desired design goals. For further discovery of the device capabilities, SWR related to these values can be imposed on these circles. For illustration, only the SWRout levels are imposed in Figure.2 where lighter color regions represent lower values of SWRout. Although these are the desired regions to build our design around. However, for a wideband operation, reaching the required GT could prevent choosing matching points from these regions. Since ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optfor a NFmin operation, a graphical relation (GT vs. GP) will provide a pre- design information about the limitation of the selected transistor. Figure.3 explains this by specifying GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax over a range of GP for the selected frequency points, the solid lines represent GTmax while the dotted lines correspond to GTmin . In fact a database was constructed for this figure that contain all values of ÃŽâ€Å"Ls that correspond to each GP value. Later on, this database will be very useful in choosing appropriate matching points for wideband operation. A quick look to the figure revels that if targeting a wideband operation the desired GT should not exceed GTmax of the highest frequency. For example, the transistor cannot achieve GT higher than 12.73 dB for a selected frequency of 12 GHz. However, designing for a suitable SWRin and SWRout requires further correlation between GT and SWR. This is shown in Figure.4 where visual predication of the device operating boundaries are clear. The constructed database is extended by masking the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation. Since lighter colors indicate better values of SWR, it is obvious that for this particular transistor, the SWRin and SWRout are worse for lower frequencies. Also, the direction of the color stripes are diagonal for SWRin and horizontal for SWRout, this is an indication that, for this particular transistor, choosing an appropriate GP and its subsequent ÃŽâ€Å"Ls could result in a constant value of SWRin along the entire bandwidth. As an example to emphasise on using Figure.3 to design a wideband LNA operating at its NFmin, a targeted 12.7 dB is chosen for illustration in the range of 9-12 GHz. From Figure.4, the color contour reveals that the minimum SWRout=1 corresponding to this GT level belongs to a 12GHz operation. Then, the accompanying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are fetched for matching purpose as shown in Figure.5(a). The displayed ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs on the smith chart of Figure.5(b) were used by ADS to construct matching circuits to verify the expected SWR. the obtained simulation results are listed in Table.2 and compares favourably with those listed in Figure.5(a). 16351650 1430 1225 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 10 20 8 15 14 12 12 GHz 10 8 11 GHz 10 GHz 45 40 35 9 GHz30 25 20 6615 10 10 44 55 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRin Operating gain G P (a) 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRout Operating gain G P (b) Figure4.Imposing the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation, for SWRin and b) for SWRout +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz GHz +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 11 GHz (a) -j0.2 9 GHz -j0.5 GHz -j1.0 (b) -j2.0 -j5.0 Figure5.a) Extracting the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs from the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation according to the targeted GT ans SWR, b) Smithchart representation of the extracted ÃŽâ€Å"L pairs NF BOUNDARIES FOR A UNITY SWROUT For the condition of an output conjugate matching (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ), GA= GT and a unity SWRout is produced. All values of ÃŽâ€Å"Sthat corresponds to a particular GA circle gives the same value of SWRin. This is shown in Figure.6 where a contour of SWRin is imposed on GA= GT circles. The tip of the cone in Figure.6(a) corresponds to ÃŽâ€Å"Spoint that will produce a simultaneous conjugate match (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ) where (SWRin= SWRout=1).However, this figure alone cannot correlate the (GT,NF,SWR) triplets to give a full visualization insight of the device capability in this case of operation. GT, SWRin and NF Correlation for SWRin=1 Figure.7(a) illustrate the variation of SWRin along a range of GA= GT values where at SWRin=1, a simultaneous conjugate matching occurs. The data in Figure.7(a) alongside GA= GT values and their corresponding NF are used to construct a database to help plotting the NF boundaries shown in Figure.7(b). For a SWRout=1 operation, this figure can be used to visually predict both NF and SWRin for any targeted GT. Since, the marked points on the plot represent SWRin=1 for each selected Table2.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.5(a). Freq GT NFmin NF SWRin SWRout 9GHz 12.742 0.31 0.31 2.472 3.073 10GHz 12.710 0.32 0.32 2.438 2.319 11GHz 12.751 0.33 0.33 2.434 1.869 12GHz 12.760 0.34 0.34 2.379 1.033 (b) Figure6.3D representation of SWRin over a range of GA=GT circles a) Isometric view, b) Plan view frequency, it is visually clear that a SWRin= SWRout=1 is impossible for a wideband, flat gain design. For a wideband, flat gain operation with SWRout=1.Figure.7(b) reveals that GT flat max= GT max 12GHz is the maximum value of GT to attain a flat gain throughout the bandwidth. The previously constructed database can be used to fetch ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat will produce the visually targeted (GT, SWRout, NF) triplets from Figure.7(b). As an example, a targeted wideband operation (9-12 GHz) with GT=13.9 dB is chosen for demonstration, Figure.8 present the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfor the visually selected point. this point was selected to give the targeted GT for a simultaneous conjugate matching at 12 GHz with NFà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1.4 dB. the source and load matching points for the selected frequencies are shown in Figure.9. Again, ADS was used to verify the estimated (GT, NF, SWR) triplets by constructing individual matching networks using ÃŽâ€Å"Sand ÃŽâ€Å"Llisted in Figure.8. Table.3 present the simulation results which compares favorably with the visually estimated values. Table3.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.8. Freq GT NF SWRin SWRout 9 GHz 13.96 1.34 3.06 1.02 10 GHz 13.98 1.33 2.34 1.01 11 GHz 13.93 1.37 1.88 1.01 12GHz 13.95 1.33 1.12 1.03 CONCLUSION In this paper, rigorous graphical investigation to explore the selected device capabilities in the NFmin and SWRout=1 cases was presented. For the first case; a set of GT boundary curves and contours can be visually used to explore the expected values of SWRin SWRout for a targeted GT at NFminoperation. While for the second case; NF boundary curves were used to visually predict the NF, SWRin levels for 6 Simultaneous conjugate matching point 10ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , for 9,10,11,12 GHz 4.5 5 9 GHz S in L out 4 410 GHz 8 3.5 GHz 3 GHz 2 1 6 4 2 12 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 3 2.5 2 1.5 0 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (a) 0 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (b) SWRin Figure7.a) Distribution of SWRin over a range of GT, b) NF boundaries for frequencies 9, 10, 11, 12 GHz Figure8.Extracted ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfrom the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation. output conjugate matching that will result a SWRout=1. For both cases, a full database was formed to be used in the extraction of the corresponding matching reflection coefficients for any visually targeted operating points. The construction and using of this database was found to make termination points extraction easy and accurate. And As described by [19] ItcanbeconcludedthatthenearfuturemicrowavetransistorisexpectedtobeidentifiedbythePerformanceDataBaseswhereallpossibleLNAdesignscanbeoverviewedusingthefulldevicecapacity. REFERENCES Friis, H.T.,Noise Figures of Radio Receivers, Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 32, No. 7, 419-422, 1944. Collins, C.E. et al.,On the measurement of SSB noise figure using sideband cancellation, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 45, No. 3, 721-727, 1996. Collantes, J.M. et al.,Effects of DUT mismatch on the noise figure characterization: a comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 6, 1150-1156, 2002. +j1.0 +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 10 GHz 12 GHz +j5.0 +j0.2 12 GHz GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz +j5.0 9 GHz 11 GHz 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 -j5.0 -j0.2

Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Bill Gates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does it take to be the richest man? It is obvious that you don’t need to be extremely attractive or even good looking at all. You only have to have a great idea, you have to be an obsessive workaholic, and you have to be willing to beat and crush all of your competitors. Also being a genius, and being in the right place at the right time may help too. Someone that has seemed to accomplish all of these is now the Chief Executive Officer of the Microsoft Corporation and goes by the name of Bill Gates. He currently worth more than 100 billion dollars and is the most wealthy man in the world. There are many people who admire and respect him, and then there are many that hate and despise him. Either way he has managed to develop and successfully operate one of the worlds largest software manufacturers, Microsoft. Microsoft is so successful, and has such control over the computer industry that the U.S. government is filing a lawsuit accusing claiming a monopo ly. How did Bill get himself into this and where he is now? Is it possible he has made too much money and has too much power? You can decide after reading this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955 in the Seattle suburbs of Washington. He grew up with his two sisters in a family of descent wealth, his father William Gates Jr. a Seattle attorney, and his mother Mary Gates, a school teacher, University of Washington regent and chairwomen of The United Way International. Gates attended public elementary school in Seattle before moving on to the private Lakeside school in North Seattle. There he began cutting classes to hang out at all hours at his schools computer center. He liked computers and learned so much that he began programming them at age 13. Throughout his early teens he and his friend Paul Allen were writing computer programs working on ways to start a business. At 16 they sold a computer-runned system to monitor highway traffic, and made around 20,000 dollars off it, but business ended when the customers found out the young entrepreneurs were still attending high school. After successfully graduat ing high school, Gates wasn’t quiet sure what to do next. He decided to attend Harvard with no specific career goal in mind. While going to Harvard he was your average smart college student with a special interest in the Popular Electronic magazine.

Risk Management Essay -- Investment Business Risk

What is risk? "Simply put, risk is uncertainty. The more risk you take, the more you stand to lose or gain. You cannot expect high returns without taking substantial risks." Tossing a dice, is at basic level a risky endeavor. The outcomes are thrown open to uncertainty. You take risk everytime you act, from crossing the street; to buying a stock. Generally when people talk about risk, they focus on financial risk. In terms of finance, it is the risk that a company or individual could lose some or all of the original investment, possibly resulting in inadequate cash flow to meet financial obligations. The concept of risk is not a simple concept in finance. You cannot make wise investments without first considering risk. To be successful, every investor must be able to identify and understand the types of risk they face across their entire portfolio. Measuring risk is just as important as measuring returns. In the financial world, risk is often expressed as volatility of returns. Volatility measures how variable outcomes are likely to be. Standard deviation is a general statistical measure of volatility. It measures historical variability of returns from their mean. A higher standard deviation implies more variable and uncertain returns. Measuring risk on a portfolio basis shows how well diversified your investments are, where the largest gains and losses are likely to be conc... ...my is in recession, and on what grounds? What actually constitutes a recession, anyway? When a nation's economy enters a recession, is life guaranteed to get harder for most of its citizens?" (http://www.howstuffworks.com/recession.htm) How do you know when you're taking too much risk? Or not enough? Risk is a natural part of this world, and indeed, risk can present great opportunities for those who understand and know how to manage it. Advances in risk management theory have had a tremendous impact on global economic development. Now we have powerful ways to analyze risks and make stable decisions about the future. We can identify and measure different types of risk, and decide which ones to take and which ones to avoid.

Social Structure of Bangladesh

Social Structure of Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh  officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. The name Bangladesh means â€Å"Country of Bengal† in the official Bengali language. The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947, when the region became the eastern wing of the newly-formed Pakistan. However, it was separated from the western wing by 1,600 kilometres (1,000  mi) across India.Political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan, which led to the war for independence in 1971 and the establishment of Bangladesh, with the help of India. In 2000, Bangladesh was estimated to be one of the ten most highly populated countries with an estimated population of just under 130 million. Nowadays it scored above 140 Million. This makes the population density of about 875 people per sq km (2,267 people per sq mi) higher than other countries.Almost 90 percent of this population lives in the rural areas and 80 percent of our population are still depends on agriculture for a livelihood. With the successful lowering of total fertility and growth rates over the past few years, the crude birth rate stands at 22. 4 per 1000 persons, with a total fertility rate 3. 0 per women. The rural birth rate was estimated to be 36. 3 birth per 1000 persons according to the 1985 census. On the other hand, the crude death rate stands at 8. 2 per 1000 persons with the rural death rate found to be 12. 9 per 1000 persons. Also the child death rate is 70 per 1000 live births in the rural areas.Most of the population is young with about 60 percent under the age of 25, with only about 3 percent over the age of 65 (life expectancy is 61 years). Twenty percent of the population was deemed to be urban in 1998, making Bangladesh's population predominantly rural. |National symbols of Bangladesh | |Anthem |Amar Shonar Bangla | |Animal |Royal Bengal Tiger | |Bird |Oriental Magpie Robin | |Fish |Hilsa | |Flower |White Water Lily | |Fruit |Jackfruit | Sport |Kabadi | Although urbanization is proceeding rapidly, agriculture employs about two-thirds of the labor force and accounts for 35 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), remains Bangladesh's primary sector. Bangladesh has predominantly remained rural and agrarian. Since more than 50 percent of the population, which has increased, depends on agriculture for sustenance and employment; peasant economy is the main mode of production in Bangladesh. The village is the peasant’s world and to understand the village community one must study the peasantry and their relationship with the nation at large.Being a citizen of this country, one simply cannot ignore the prevalent poverty and unemployment in the rural sector and the consequential rise in the number of unemployment in the urban areas as well. Villages play a very important role for Bangladesh. Without these villages economic development of this country is not possible. This paper will clearly indicate the rural life, society and social class, culture, education, occupation, religion, economic and political institutions, beliefs, and the way of living in Bangladesh. Social Composition The Main and Basic stratification between the rich landlords and the poor farmers.Here the class system is based on money and prestige, which is highly flexible. None has the fixed class here. All can have mobility to any direction if he or she manages to get that. Those who have enough Land they are more respected. Beside this Rural people of Bangladesh are stratified by other reasons related to their religion- Society in village is not strictly stratified; rather, it is open, fluid, and diffused, without a solid social organization and social structure. Social class distinctions are mostly functional and there is considerable mobility among classes.Even the structure of the Hindu caste system in B angladesh is relatively loose because most Hindus belonged to the lower castes. Ostensibly, egalitarian principles of Islam were the basis of social organization. Unlike in other regions of South Asia, the Hindu caste- based social system had a very limited effect on Bangladeshi Muslim social culture. Fairly permeable classes based on wealth and political influence existed both in the cities and in the villages. Traditional Muslim class distinctions had little importance in Bangladesh.The proscription against marriage between individuals of high-born and low-born families, once an indicator of the social gap between the two groups, had long ago disappeared; most matrimonial alliances were based on wealth and power and not on the ties of family distinction, and the same condition belongs to the village. Although Hindu society is formally stratified into caste categories, caste did not figure prominently in the Bangladeshi Hindu community. About 75 percent of the Hindus in Bangladesh belonged to the lower castes, notably namasudras (lesser cultivators), and the remainder belonged primarily to outcaste or untouchable groups.Some members of higher castes belonged to the middle or professional class, but there was no Hindu upper class. With the increasing participation of the Hindus in nontraditional professional mobility, the castes were able to interact in wider political and socioeconomic arenas, which caused some erosion of caste consciousness. Although there is no mobility between Hindu castes, caste distinctions did not play as important a role in Bangladesh as in they did in the Hindu-dominated Indian state of West Bengal.Bangladeshi Hindus seemed to have become part of the mainstream culture without surrendering their religious and cultural distinctions. Culture Language and Literature More than 95 percent of the people of Bangladesh speak Bengali which is one of the earliest modem languages of the subcontinent. It originates from the eastern Prakrit group of the Indo- Aryan family of languages. Early Bengali, in its lyrical form, originated in the 7th century. Its mediaeval period underlined a steady upsurge of poesy having strong devotional and romantic overtones.Since the early decades of this century, modem Bengali literature swept into the mainstream of world culture through the works of such geniuses as Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore and the rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam while poet Jasimuddin's austere lyrical anecdotes depicting rural life with its joys and sorrows, romance and patrol kept alive the link with the toiling masses. With this heritage to draw inspiration from, contemporary Bengali literature of Bangladesh has been throbbing with the creative impulses of a new generation of poets, novelists, playwrights and essayists.Many of their works have earned fame beyond the frontiers of the country. Music [pic] The rich tradition of music of Bangladesh can be divided into three distinct categories -classical, fol k and modern. The tradition of classical music, whether vocal or instrumental, is rooted in the ancient history of this subcontinent. It has been cultivated with great patience and passion by devoted musicians over the centuries. Internationally known sarod players Ustad Alauddiri Khan and Ustad Ayet Ali Khan hail from the soil of this country. Folk music, nurtured through the ages by village bards. s the most popular and timeless form of music in Bangladesh. Rich in devotional mysticism and love ores, folk music exudes authentic flavor and charm of the soil. The most well- known forms are bhatia1i, baul, marfati, murshidi, bhaoaiya and gombhira. Some of the greatest exponents of our mystic and devotional songs were Lalan Fakir, Hasan Raja and Abbasuddin Ahmed. Dances Dancing in Bangladesh draws freely from the sub continental classical forms as well as the folk, tribal, ballet and Middle Eastern strains. Of the tribal dances, particularly popular are Manipuri and Santhal.The Bulbul Academy of Fine Arts (BAFA), set up in Dacca in the early fifties, played a pioneering role in the promotion of dances in the country. A number of other cultural organizations have helped in popularizing the art. No cultura1 evening in this country is complete without a dance number. The cinema has also popularized dancing. With the recent creation of the Academy of Performing Arts in Dacca dancing in Bangladesh is expected to gain further impetus. Jatra (Folk Drama) is another vital chapter of Bengali culture. It depicts  mythological episodes  of love and tragedy.Legendary  plays of heroism  are  also popular,  particularly in the rural  areas. In near past jatra was the biggest entertainment means for the rural Bangalees and in that sense for 80% of the population since the same percentage of the population lived in rural Bangladesh. Now-a-days jatra has been placed in the back seat in the entertainment era. Gradually western culture is occupying the place of tradi tional culture like Jatra. Different types of Drama are also popular in this society. Bangladesh Religion [pic] [pic] Islam, the state religion, is the faith of 88 percent of the population, almost all of whom adhere to the Sunni branch.Hindus make up most of the remainder, and the country has small communities of Buddhists, Christians and animists. Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world. Most Bangladeshi Muslims are Sunnis, but there is a small Shia community. Among religious festivals of Muslims Eidul Fitr, Eidul Azha, Eiday Miladunnabi, Muharram etc. are prominent. The contention that Bengali Muslims are all descended from lower-caste Hindus who were converted to Islam is incorrect; a substantial proportion are descendants of the Muslims who reached the subcontinent from elsewhere.Hinduism is professed by about 12 percent of the population. Durga Puja, Saraswati Puja, Kali Puja etc. are Hindu festivals. Hindus in Bangladesh are almost evenly distributed in all regions, with concentrations in Khulna, Jessore, Dinajpur, Faridpur, and Barisal. Biharis, who are not ethnic Bangalees, are Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees from Bihar and other parts of northern India. They numbered about 1 million in 1971 but now had decreased to around 600,000. They once dominated the upper levels of the society. They sided with Pakistan during the 1971 war.Hundreds of thousands of Biharis were repatriated to Pakistan after the war. Tribal race constitutes less than 1 percent of the total population. They live in the Chittagong Hills and in the regions of Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. The majority of the tribal population live in rural areas. They differ in their social organization, marriage customs, birth and death rites, food, and other social customs from the people of the rest of the country. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages. In the mid-1980s, the percentage distribution of tribal population by religion was Hindu 24, Buddhist 44, Christian 13, and o thers 19.Major tribes are the Chakmas, Maghs (or Marmas), Tipras, Murangs, Kukis and Santals. The tribes tend to intermingle and could be distinguished from one another more by differences in their dialect, dress, and customs than by tribal cohesion. Only the Chakmas and Marmas display formal tribal organization. They are of mixed origin but reflect more Bengali influence than any other tribe. Unlike the other tribes, the Chakmas and Marmas generally live in the highland valleys. Most Chakmas are Buddhists, but some practice Hinduism or Animism. Economic InstitutionMany industries in Bangladesh are still primitive by modern standards. Despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation. Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80% and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows very significant quantities of rice(chal), tea (Cha) and mustard.More than three quarters of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garment industry, which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2002, the industry exported US$5  billion worth of products. The industry now employs more than 3  million workers, 90% of whom are women. A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries. One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcredit by Muhammad Yunus (awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2006) through the Grameen Bank.By the late 1990s, Grameen Bank had 2. 3  million members, along with 2. 5  million members of other similar organizations. In ord er to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority. AGRICULTURE [pic] Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world with an annual per capita income of US$160. The agricultural sector provides the principal livelihood of the people in the country and is the main blood vessel of the national economy.According to statistics in 1990-1991, agriculture accounts for 46% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 59% of total employment. Agricultural productivity (yield per acre) is extremely low though, and Bangladesh continues to be a food-deficit country. The average annual deficit ranges between 1. 5 million and 2. 5 million tons. To achieve self-sustained agricultural growth, several policies have been formulated. Keeping these policies in mind, agricultural management policies have been devised, and interventions have been made. However, these h ave not necessarily yielded the anticipated results.In Bangladesh, the vast majorities of people are landless and work as agricultural laborers (66% of the rural population are landless, agricultural laborers, according to the latest statistics). Although they are the single largest portion of the total population, they are the poorest, most deprived, helpless and neglected. Presently 45% of agricultural laborers have no work at all, and those who do get work have no job security or reliable income; there is no period of employment specified no fixed wage. Most of the time they are poorly paid. They are not registered and do not have any trade union rights, no chance of bargaining.Agricultural laborers in Bangladesh also have no basic human rights. A huge percentage of them are inadequate or no housing, no educational opportunities and no rationing facility. Administrative and social oppression upon the land laborers is a common phenomenon. In addition to these concerns, Bangladesh is now facing various types of socio-economic and political problems. Among these, the most difficult, complicated and probably the most important issue is the agrarian question. One of the fundamental features of the economic backwardness of the agrarian question is very relevant for Bangladesh like any other poor country of Asia.If the agrarian question is addressed properly, the path of national economic development can be found. Land, no doubt, constitutes the most significant basis of sociopolitical power and the common factor of production for the overwhelming majority of the people. Today in Bangladesh the land problem remains as the main social problem: it is the main problem affecting the greatest number of people. Ownership of the land, its possession and cultivation, has sociopolitical overtones and economic implications, both simultaneously and mutually reacting around and reinforcing each other.Thus, an approach to locate the problems relating to land and their solution has to be, of necessity, comprehensive, multidimensional and dynamic. As the agricultural sector in Bangladesh has already experienced, these problems, and very recently the path and methods of alternative agriculture, are being talked about. This alternative thinking is often called â€Å"regenerative,† â€Å"sustainable,† â€Å"ecological,† â€Å"organic† or â€Å"natural agriculture,† which are more or less based on the following principles: ? Ensure as much or more productivity as chemical agriculture; ?Do not disturb the natural environment; ? Ensure sustainability; ? Put less dependence on external inputs. Beside Agriculture there are several jobs that are done by rural people of our country now a days. Few jobs are related to Agriculture, These jobs are: ? Rearing Cattle, Goat, Sheep. ? Poultry Business ? Dairy business ? Fishery Related Jobs ? Village Teacher ? Quack Doctor ? Kamar [Black Smith] ? Kumar [Pot Maker] ? Swarnakaar [Gold Smith ] ? Sweeper ? Tanti [Weaver] Political institution [pic]The People’s Republic of Bangladesh is a unitary, independent and sovereign republic comprising three basic organs the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The President is the Head of State and is elected by the members of Parliament. The President acts in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister and the supreme command of the Armed Forces rests with him. The executive power of the Republic is exercised by or on the advice of the Prime Minister who commands the support of the majority members of Parliament and is appointed by the President.Other Ministers, State Ministers and Deputy Ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister nominates the cabinet members from among Parliament members and one-tenths of the total members are from outside of the Parliament. The cabinet is collectively accountable to the Parliament. The Government is unitary in structure and parliamentary in form. Co nclusion Finally we can conclude that Village Life is full of Loving Caring and Belonging. We can find here Peace Happiness chance to meet with our relatives smell and feel our culture and Tradition.That’s why every year thousands of people run for the Village leaving their Urban Life in their Religious Occasions. Living in urban Life but we have to depend on this village people for food and other product which they produce in the fields. Lastly we can say that every people of our country have to visit their Village simultaneously so that the people and their Generation will always attach with the village Life and Village Culture. And If the Young Generation will Plan to Recover or develop our Village Life than We think that Bangladesh will see Prosperity very soon. Read also: Padma Bridge

Economics Assignment: Test Paper on Government Intervention

Economics Assignment: Test Paper on Government Intervention on the Price System Section A: MCQ 1. The following happens when subsidy is introduced by the government, except: a) Equilibrium price of the good decreases b) Supply curve of the good shifts to the right c) No shifts in the demand curve d) Market failure caused by positive externalities overcome 2. The market has failed if: a) Market price of the good decreases b) Many companies are going through a recession c) The opportunity cost of producing the good increases ) Excessive amount of resources is devoted for the production of a good 3. What could be the cause of too little production of a good? a) Increased opportunity cost of producing the good b) Social benefits are not considered c) Presence of negative externalities d) Private benefits are not considered 4. Which of the following is an example of market failure caused by moral hazard? a) A person mistreated with the wrong medicine by a doctor b) High production of ciga rettes in a market ) A lighthouse is not available as all fishermen waits for the other to purchase it d) Inaccessibility to education as private sectors monopolize the education sector and sets a very high price Section B: Case Study Indonesia successfully stabilized domestic rice prices for more than a quarter of a century from 1969 to 1996 (see graph below). During that period, domestic prices were roughly equal to world prices on average, but were substantially less volatile. 1. Describe what could cause the peak in the world rice prices in 1974. [2] 2.State and explain a method of government intervention that could cause the stable domestic rice prices in Indonesia and how it is used to stabilize the price. [5] 3. Draw the graph of the effects of the method you stated in (2) on the demand and supply of rice in Indonesia. [2] 4. State one disadvantage of using the method of government intervention you stated in (2). [1] Section C: Essay 1. Explain the problems caused by external ities and how it can lead to market failure. [8] 2. What are some methods of government intervention and what are the advantages and disadvantages on using these methods? 8] [Virginia – JC1 Cromwell] ANSWER KEY Section A: MCQ 1. C 3. B 2. D 4. A Section B: Case Study 1. Rightward shift of the world demand curve/ leftward shift of the world supply = higher EP 2. Maximum price control & price stabilization policies to lessen the effects of unplanned fluctuations in rice supply which is price volatility. [1 for stating, 1-2 for explanation] -how: -purchase excess stocks during surplus production, release buffer stocks during shortage -result: roughly stable supply = stable price [2-3 for how] [max marks 5] 3. 1 for correct demand and supply curve, 1 for drawing maximum price] 4. Do not promote efficiency/protect farmers from full competition in world markets Section C: Essay 1. definition of externalities [1] private, social and external costs [1] * negative externalities: socia l cost-private cost (external cost) [3] lead to overproduction (external costs ignored by decision maker, price will be lower) too many resources devoted for production = market failure * positive externalities: social benefits>private benefits 3]lead to underproduction (social benefits ignored, leftward demand curve) too little resources devoted for production = market failure 2. definition of gov. intervention [] methods: regulation, taxes, subsidies, state production * taxes advantages: Reduce/overcome negative externalities Raise gov. ’s revenue. This revenue could be spent on alternatives disadvantages: Difficult to measure the level of negative externality e. g. what is the cost of pollution from a car? Not effective for goods which have inelastic demand subsidies advantages: Reduce/overcome positive externalities, higher demand for merit goods disadvantages: expensive, gov. could impose higher taxes to cover the cost of subsidies may encourage ineffeiciency in firms as they rely on gov. aid * maximum price control advantages: lower price for consumers, price is less volatile or stable disadvantages: lead to lower supply causing shortage, shortage leads to waiting lists and possible emergence of black markets as people try to overcome shortage

Aristotle and John Stuart Mill on Happiness and Morality

Aristotle and John Stuart Mill on Happiness and Morality In this paper I will argue that Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia disproves Mill’s utilitarian view that pleasure is the â€Å"greatest good. † The purpose of this paper is to contrast Aristotle’s and Mills views on the value of happiness and its link to morality. First I will describe Aristotle’s model of eudaimonia. Then I will present Mill’s utilitarian views on happiness and morality. Lastly, I will provide a counterargument to Mill’s utilitarian ethical principles using the Aristotelian model of eudaimonia.In this section I will explain Aristotle’s definition of eudaimonia and its relationship to happiness, morality and the virtues. Aristotle defines eudaimonia in the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics as â€Å"virtuous activity in accordance with reason† and that this is the highest good for human beings. For Aristotle, eudaimonia can be translated into a â€Å"human life of flourishing† since it occurs throughout a person’s life. This lifelong happiness is complete and sufficient in itself, meaning that a person lives it as an end in itself and not for anything else beyond it.An important aspect of reaching our own eudaimonia is to function well as human beings. Aristotle presents his concept of the human function by stating that what makes human function so distinct is not just to obtain nutrition and to grow because that aspect of life is shared with plants and it is also not perception because that is something shared with animals. Our ultimate human function therefore is reason and not just reason alone but to act in accordance to reason. Achieving excellence in human rational activity according to Aristotle is synonymous with leading a moral life.To lead a moral life is a state in which a person chooses to act in accordance to the right virtues. Aristotle, defines virtue as  a mean between two extremes (excess and deficiency). He argues that the mean is not necessarily the average or half way point, but rather changes in relation to each individual. For example, a person who just finished jogging needs more water after jogging than a person who was not jogging, so the mean between too much water and too little water is different for the jogger and non-jogger.According to Aristotle, it is very difficult to discover the mean, to discover the exact point between the two extremes that is best suited for you. As he says, there are many ways to be wrong and only one way to be correct. Aristotle explains that the choice of the mean is going to depend on what the virtuous person’s reasoning is. As in the case of the jogger, he will drink just enough water to quench his thirst (deficiency) but won’t drink too much that would result in water in water intoxication (excess).Aristotle focuses his moral theory on virtuous action and argues that virtue is necessary, but not sufficient for happiness. You need virtue to lead a happy life, but ultimately, virtue alone will not make you happy. What matters most is that you make a habit out of choosing to act in accordance with the right virtues, which leads to a balance in one’s life and ultimately leads you closer and closer to achieving your own eudaimonia. In this next section I will present Mills utilitarian views and the link between happiness and morality and how his views do not coincide with Aristotle’s eudaimonistic ideals.In chapter two of Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill introduces his concept of utility, also known as the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† to hold that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. †Ã‚  In other words, Mill makes it certain that pleasure and freedom from p ain are the only things desirable as goals and all things that we do is desirable because they produce pleasure or prevent pain.Mill understood that it would be demeaning to humans to reduce life to pleasures as this would then put us at the same level as animals. Thus, he introduces the idea of higher and lower pleasures. The higher pleasures are those of a higher quality of that are determined by â€Å"competent judges. † This competent judge is someone who is acquainted with both the higher and lower quality pleasures. In regards to morality, Mill anchors its definition on the premises of the greatest happiness principle stated above.Unlike Aristotle who puts emphasis on the agent (the person themselves) in regards to acting morally, Mill is very indifferent and states that the character of the person and their motives do not matter only the consequence of those actions matter. For Mill, the morality of the action only depends on whether that action will produce pleasure f or greatest number of people. As state before, he explains that pleasure leads to happiness, and happiness is the ultimate goal of each individual. However, morality is â€Å"the rules and precepts for human conduct,† nd not simply the causes of human behavior. Desire may drive human actions, but that doesn’t mean that desire should propel human actions. Morality is the ideal, not the reality. Because of his views on morality Mill would not agree with Aristotle that the completely ethical person will not be conflicted about his ethical choice. According to Mill a person could do the right thing, and act morally while also having the desire to do the wrong thing. To explain this, he gives the example of a rescuer who saves another person from drowning.He helps this person because it is morally right, regardless of being seen as a good Samaritan or if he would’ve been compensated for his actions. Mill would also disagree with Aristotle’s argument that it is determined whether or not someone led a eudaimonistic life only after this person has died. Mill essentially believes in concrete happiness and believes that people should be happy while they are alive. Mill states that pleasures are parts of our happiness and not an â€Å"abstract† means as Aristotle puts it.In this third section I will provide a counterargument to Mill’s utilitarian ethical principles using the Aristotelian model of eudaimonia. I firstly disagree with Mill’s idea that happiness is equated with pursuing acts that only lead to pleasure and avoiding those that decrease pleasure. I side completely with Aristotle in that he believes that the purpose of pleasures is to serve as side product of activity to perfect our activities. For example, for a mathematician to become an excellent mathematician he must become very talented in doing mathematical activities but also must have the pleasure in doing this activity.I also side with him on his statemen t in Book Ten of the Nicomachean Ethics certain pleasures such as those of touch â€Å"can lead us to become servile and brutish† and says that â€Å"it attaches to us not in so far as we are men but in so far as we are animals. † For example those who eat food to the excess have slavish characters because they are choosing to eat past their bodily intake limit. I agree here with Aristotle that those persons who are destitute of self-control do not use their reason, take pleasures exceedingly, in the wrong way and in the wrong objects.Ultimately, in order to act virtuously a person must act rationally in a manner that is between the two extremes of deficiency and excess when it comes to matters of pleasure. Thus, pleasure should not be sought just for its own sake. In terms of moral actions, Mill arguments also seem to be flawed. He believes that the goodness of an action is based on whether or not it produced pleasure and happiness for the greatest number of people. T here is little emphasis on the disposition and character of the agent performing the action.This idea seems illogical because then everyone would be acting without reason and doing things for the wrong intentions. As Aristotle says in Book One of the Nicomachean ethics, â€Å"the man who does not rejoice in noble actions is not good; the good man judges well in matters of the good and the noble. † Here he is referring to the fact that a person who is not performing actions for the right intentions is not a good man at all. To explain this further I will use the example of the drowning person.Aristotle would advise that I should save a drowning person because I have the positive and noble intention to do so and not because someone is going to pay me for helping them. I think Mills view on happiness and morality that pleasures should equate with happiness sounds like it would be ideal to live this type of life. However, this type of logic would not work out in today’s so ciety. He tells us that in order to find out what kinds of pleasures are most valuable we should look to â€Å"competent judges† who seem to just know what are considered the better â€Å"higher† pleasures because they have experienced both the â€Å"higher† and â€Å"lower† pleasures.As Aristotle states, however, not all pleasures are universal to all men because not everyone is directed to the same things. What if their idea of a higher pleasure is to rape women on the streets? The problem with Mill’s argument then is that what this â€Å"competent judge† may consider to be a higher pleasure may actually be a lower pleasure and be very wrong about what they consider to be right. Aristotle would respond to Mills statement that happiness should be concrete by stating that happiness in Mill’s view seems to just be a fleeting experience.For example, if a person spends their whole life trying to figure out a cure for cancer it wonâ€℠¢t be determined whether this person’s life work was meaningful only until we examine this person’s life work. To conclude, I have stated both Aristotle’s and Mills arguments in relation to happiness and morality. Aristotle’s conclude that happiness (eudaimonia) is to have flourishing life in which actions are performed in accordance to virtuousness and reason.Mill, on the hand believes that pleasure is ultimately the greatest type of good and therefore is equated with happiness. I have argued that Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia disproves Mill’s â€Å"greatest happiness priniciple† on the grounds that pleasure is only a small part of happiness and that the emphasis on living a happy life should be placed on the agent to habitually act in a rational and virtuous manner.