Gas Laws Essay -- Chemistry Gas Gasses Essays Science

Gas Laws Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids Pressure and the Law of Boyle Quantitative measurements on gases were first made in a rational manner by the English chemist Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691). The instruments used by Boyle to measure pressure were two: the manometer, which measures differences in pressure, and the barometer, which measures the total pressure of the atmosphere. A manometer is simply a bent piece of tubing, preferably glass with one end closed. When the liquid level in both arms is the same, the pressure of the sample of gas inside the closed end must equal the pressure of the external atmosphere since the downward force on the two columns of liquid is then equal. When the liquid levels are unequal, the pressures must differ. The difference in pressure can be measured in units of length of the vertical column of liquid. The mm Hg, or its modern version the torr, originated in this use of the manometer. Mercury is particularly convenient for use in manometers (and barometers) because at room temperature it has low vapor pressure, does not wet glass, and has a high density. Other liquids such as linseed oil or water have also been used in manometers. The barometer is a device for measuring the total pressure of the atmosphere. A primitive barometer can easily be constructed by taking a glass tube about a meter long, sealing one end, filling the tube completely with mercury, placing your thumb firmly over the open end, and carefully inverting the tube into an open dish filled with mercury. The mercury will fall to a height independent of the diameter of the tube and a vacuum will be created above it. The height of the mercury column will be the height which the atmospheric pressure can support. The standard atmospheric pressure, one atmosphere (atm), is 760 mm Hg but the actua... ... taking enough chemistry, you will see it showing up over and over and over. The Numerical Value for R R's value can be determined many ways. This is just one way: Assume we have 1.000 mol of a gas at STP. The volume of this amount of gas under the conditions of STP is known to a high degree of precision. We will use the value of 22.414 L. By the way, 22.414 L at STP has a name. It is called "molar volume." It is the volume of ANY ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure. (Siebring, Richard, Page 54) Let's plug our numbers into the equation: (1.000 atm) (22.414 L) = (1.000 mol) (R) (273.15 K) Notice how atmospheres were used as well as the exact value for standard temperature. Solving for R gives 0.08206 L atm / mol K, when rounded to four significant figures. This is usually enough. Remember the value. You'll need it for problem solving. Notice the weird unit on R: say out loud "liter atmospheres per mole Kelvin." This is not the only value of R that can exist. It depends on which units you select. Those of you that take more chemistry than high school level will meet up with 8.3145 Joules per mole Kelvin, but that's for another time.

Local-Color Regionalism in Tennessees Partner Essay -- essays research

The literary movement of local-color regionalism in American literature is a very distinctive and interesting form of fiction writing that effectively combines regional characteristics, dialect, customs and humor. In Bret Harte’s Tennessee’s Partner, these characteristics helped the story jump off the page, allowing the reader to understand the â€Å"times† rather than just the characters. And, for that reason, I feel that this is an outstanding piece of work. One of the most distinguishable characteristics of local-color regionalism writing is the usage of authentic dialect based on the story’s setting. In Tennessee’s Partner, Harte uses this tactic best when quoting the title character. For example, when Tennessee’s Partner suddenly appears in court on behalf of his best friend, Tennessee, his words are carefully written based on how they sounded from his mouth – not on how they should be, grammatically speaking: â€Å"†¦Tennessee, thar, has played it pretty rough and expensive-like on a stranger, and on this yer camp. And now, what’s the fair thing?...Here’s seventeen hundred dollars in coarse gold and a watch, -- it’s about all my pile, – and call it square!† Such talk effectively captures the typical conversation of the Old West and the Gold Rush and gives the reader a feeling of authenticity. Tennessee’s speech is similar, though not nearly as rough. Although not one hand of poker was played throughout the entire story, Tennessee revealed, through his use of words in his every...

Management Yesterday and Today

8th edition Steven P. harles Renard C Robbins Mary Coulter LEARNING OUTLINE Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. o? Historical Background of Management †¢? Scientific Management o? General Administrative Theorists o? Quantitative Approach to Management †¢? Toward Understanding Organizational Behavior o? The Systems Approach o? The Contingency Approach 2–2 Historical Background of Management †¢? Ancient Management O Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) O Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) †¢? Adam Smith O Published â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† in 1776 v Advocated he division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers †¢? Industrial Revolution O Substituted machine power for human labor O Created large organizations in need of management 2–3 Development of Major Management Theories Exhibit 2. 1 2–4 Major Approaches to Management †¢? Scientific Management †¢? General Administrative Theory †¢? Quantitative Management †¢? Organizational Behavior †¢? Systems Approach †¢? Contingency Approach †¢? 2–5 Scientific Management †¢? Fredrick Winslow Taylor O The â€Å"father† of scientific management O Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) v Associated essay: Scientific Management Theory in HealthcareThe theory of scientific management –? Using scientific methods to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done: †¢? Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. †¢? Having a standardized method of doing the job. †¢? Providing an economic incentive to the worker. 2–6 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management 1.? Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method. 2.? Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. 3.? Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done n accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4.? Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Exhibit 2. 2 2–7 Scientific Management (cont’d) †¢? Frank and Lillian Gilbreth O Focused on increasing work er productivity through the reduction of wasted motion O Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize performance †¢? How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management? O Use time and motion studies to increase productivity O Hire the best qualified employees O Design incentive systems based on output 2–8General Administrative Theorists †¢? Henri Fayol O Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functions O Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations †¢? Max Weber O Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy) v Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism 2–9 Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 1.? Division of work. 7.? Remuneration. 2.? Authority. 8.? Centralization. 3.? Discipline. 9.? Scalar chain. 4.? Unity of command. 10.? Order. 5.?Unity of direction. 11.? Equity. 6.? Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization. 12.? Stability of tenure of personnel. 13.? Initiative. 14.? Esprit de corps. Exhibit 2. 3 2–10 Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy Exhibit 2. 4 2–11 Quantitative Approach to Management †¢? Quantitative Approach O Also called operations research or management science O Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problems O Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying: v Statistics, optimization models, information models, and omputer simulations 2–12 Understanding Organizational Behavior †¢? Organizational Behavior (OB) O The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization †¢? Early OB Advocates O Robert Owen O Hugo Munsterberg O Mary Parker Follett O Chester Barnard 2–13 Early Advocates of OB Exhibit 2. 5 2â⠂¬â€œ14 The Hawthorne Studies †¢? A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932. †¢? Experimental findings O Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions. O The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. ? Research conclusion O Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than do monetary incentives. 2–15 The Systems Approach †¢? System Defined O A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. †¢? Basic Types of Systems O Closed systems v Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal). O Open systems v Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are istributed into their environments. 2–16 The Organization as an Open System Exhibit 2. 6 2–17 The Contingency Approach †¢? Contingency Approach Defined O Also sometimes called the situational approach. O There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. O Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. 2–18 Popular Contingency Variables †¢? Organization size †¢? Routineness of task technology †¢? Environmental uncertainty †¢? Individual differences Exhibit 2. 7 2–19

My Old Publisher Made Mistakes I Wouldnt Tolerate

My Old Publisher Made Mistakes I Wouldnt Tolerate "My old publisher made mistakes I wouldn't tolerate"  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The story of Greg White's The Pink Marine Digital formats have opened countless new ways to publication for authors,  and if you aren't afraid of taking advantage of those, you can pretty much turn any situation in your favour. Greg White, author of The Pink Marine, came to Reedsy a month ago and told us he had left his publisher shortly after his first book's publication. Immediately, we thought "that's an interesting story for our blog!" So here's Greg sharing his experience with us, and his advice for newer authors.Hi Greg, thanks for being with us today! Let's jump into it: can you tell us a bit about your book and what made you leave your publisher?Thank you for having me, and helping with my book. Although I’ve been a TV writer for a while, The Pink Marine is my first memoir. Yet I always remember that I’m a United States Marine first –  and we strive for excellence. My book is important to me and I’m proud of it. My old publisher made mistakes that I wouldn’t tolerate – so I cancelled the contract. It was difficult; but as I write about in my book, nothing is easy but everything is possible.What were the main challenges from the point when you decided to leave your publisher?Reviews. He failed to get reviews in advance of publication, so it will be a struggle for me to convince media outlets to see the book as fresh meat. But we Marines†¦ love a good challenge. I’m getting good media response already.The book is new and I am tireless. I have every confidence that influential bloggers and other reviewers will find it story-worthy. Kirkus reviewed it (non-paid) and they call The Pink Marine â€Å"a heartwarming coming of age, inspiring memoir.† There’s a lot to discuss in the book. Not only do I write about my lifelong best friend (that I enlisted with) but also seventy other boys that I served with. I bet you find yourself in one of those characters. It has themes with global relevance and I wrote it with humor.You have actua lly set up your own imprint and are working with Ingram for the distribution. How did that happen?Yes, my imprint is AboutFace Books! Norman Lear writes my book’s foreword. He gave me my first job writing television. He taught me, among other things, to be nice to everyone. Ingram asked to meet me last year based on the Food Network show I host – food brings us all together, right? The day I left my publisher, I called Ingram to set up the imprint. They were enthusiastic and continue to be incredibly supportive. Ingram led me to Reedsy.Now, you came to Reedsy looking for a typesetter to create a print-ready file for Ingram. How did you choose your typesetter, and how did the collaboration go?I judged a book by its cover. I studied not only the experience and genre of each designer; but also their graphics. My designer  Jason Storey clearly was the best decision – his art blew me away. That he, and my book, turned out to be fantastic, is no surprise.Jason is fa st, thorough and precise. He’s smart and communicative. Those qualities are very important to me and he represents them all in the outstanding work he did on my book.What are your plans now for The Pink Marine in terms of promotion and marketing? And how is the book selling?Being a publisher helps when I reach out to TV and radio shows, magazines, newspapers, bloggers and reviewers. In my pitches, I’m able to speak about the book more in the third person. My pitch is: â€Å"How about a story on a guy that served six years as a U.S. Marine now serving up pie on Food Network?†I travel a lot and schedule bookstore appearances and local media well in advance.I’m as excited as I am grateful to report that the book is selling well, particularly the e-book. Everyone, and especially every veteran of the armed forces, has a story. This is mine. From my sales reports I notice British readers are snapping it up, proving the themes are universal. Facing challenges, b oth emotional and physical during our teenage years everyone in the world goes through that. In my case they shaved my head and gave me a rifle†¦. And humor always helps.I maintain a strong social media presence and built a fun and informative website www.thepinkmarine.com. I joined the affiliate program for every bookseller, so when buyers purchase the book from clicking the retailers via my site, I earn a fee (and it costs the buyer nothing extra).Next week I go in the studio to record the book for Audible. Having something new to promote helps. I want the book to exist in every format. Look, if it were possible, I’d bake it into a pie and serve it up personally.If you had to do it all over again, for a second book, would you look for an agent/publisher or would you go straight to â€Å"self-publishing†, using your imprint?I still have an agent, but unless I’m presented with a powerful marketing plan and generous profit participation from a traditional pu blisher, I’ll continue to publish under my imprint. Any prejudice or apprehension I had about driving down the self-publishing avenue was swept away in the first week of The Pink Marine’s sales reports.As you’ve experienced both â€Å"worlds†, what would be your main piece of advice for a debut author who is just finishing up their first manuscript?Ask for help; take advantage of the vast resources for authors. Through those, build your marketing platform with equal energy (and at the same time) that you’re writing your book. Adopt a U.S. Marine attitude and conquer both the creative and business sides. Relish in the support and camaraderie of other authors we are a community. And buy my book.You can find The Pink Marine on Amazon here, and Greg White's website here.Would you be ready to leave your publisher to self-publish? Or maybe you've done so already? Tell us about your experience, or ask Greg any question in the comments below!

Corporate English

Corporate English Corporate English Corporate English By Maeve Maddox Thanks to reader Nick Corcodilos for sharing a link to an especially mind-numbing bit of English prose. I wont publish the link he sent me, but I will give you an excerpt: Leveraging the unique capabilities of Case Based Reasoning (CBR) to research, [this company] has created a comprehensive mirror pathway for personalized medicine incorporating the standardized processes required to infuse into pharmaceutical research, development and lifecycle pathway. †¨ I looked for other examples of this kind of writing and, alas, found plenty: Strategic management research on the development of new capabilities has largely overlooked the process whereby initial capabilities are transformed by the firm to create new capabilities. Whether the reader is new to diversity work or wishes to learn how to further leverage existing diversity initiatives with other strategically important business priorities, this book provides a comprehensive blueprint for navigating the complex and changing nature of situations involving diversity. We are committed to an organizational capability and mindset which guarantees rapidly delivering exceptional customer and stakeholder value by negotiating and making the appropriate tradeoffs among schedule, quality, cost, functionality, technical limits, and resources. â€Å"[†¦] reflects a striving for excellence in higher education that has been made more inclusive by decades of work to infuse diversity into recruiting, admissions, and hiring; into the curriculum and co-curriculum; and into administrative structures and practices. It also embraces newer forms of excellence, and expanded ways to measure excellence, that take into account research on learning and brain functioning, the assessment movement, and more nuanced accountability structures.  [†¦] is a multi-layered process through which we achieve excellence in learning; research and teaching; student development; institutional functioning; local and global community engagement; workforce development; and more.   It is the active, intentional, and ongoing engagement with diversity in ways that increase one’s awareness, content knowledge, cognitive sophistication, and empathic understanding of the complex ways individuals interact within systems and institutions.† I suppose the meaning of these texts can be worked out, but why write something that has to be puzzled over? I dont mind struggling with a text that was written a couple of hundred years ago, but when it comes to contemporary writing, I wont waste my time. Writers need to worry when Latinate abstract nouns outnumber function words in their writing. An annual rereading of Orwells essay on language wouldnt hurt: The inflated style itself is a kind of euphemism. A mass of Latin words falls upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the outline and covering up all the details. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between ones real and ones declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink. Politics and the English Language Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Used To vs. Use ToCaptain vs. Master

How to prepare for a job interview when the interviewer is a robot -TheJobNetowrk

How to prepare for a job interview when the interviewer is a robot -TheJobNetowrk In today’s job search, a lot of things have been automated or digitized. Your resume is now a PDF that can be sent anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice. Your network may be full of people you haven’t met in person but have developed professional BFF-ships through the many social media options. But even with all of that, it may not occur to you that the interview- the ultimate face-to-face part of the hiring process- might be automated too. As companies look for ways to make their interview process more efficient (and less prone to human error), you may find that your interviewer is†¦not human. If you know ahead of time that you’ll be getting the Westworld version of an interviewer (though with less mayhem, of course), here are some tips for prepping.Don’t worry about small talk†¦You’re not going to score points with an Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbot if you try to find out if you went to the same summer camp or by complim enting their office space. So that’s one less thing to worry about! Ordinarily, we’d recommend brushing up on your handshake skills and your small talk, but such things are much less important when your interviewer doesn’t have†¦hands. An AI-based interview may include some pleasantries built in for basic politeness, but you don’t need to spend much time thinking about how to impress the bot with your small talk skills.†¦but do work on body languageIn many AI interviews, the candidate gives responses to a set of standardized questions while being recorded. That recording is then analyzed for content, and also for visual cues. So while you don’t need to worry about building a rapport with the interview bot, you do need to make sure your body language and speaking skills are on point. That means good posture, confident tone, and eye contact. It also means keeping a close hold on your expressions- cameras can see microexpressions and movemen ts that a regular human interviewer might miss (not having megapixel eyes and all), so poise becomes especially important.Focus on keywordsWhen you’re answering questions that you know will be analyzed by some algorithm before a human ever gets around to reviewing your interview, make sure you’re tailoring your responses. That means focusing on the job description and using words and phrases that relate directly to the job. Remember, you can’t rely on charm to float you through weak points in the interview, because robots don’t have the time or the inclination to bond with you. Before the interview, be sure to read not only the job description but also the company’s website/mission statement/About Us to see what kind of qualities they prioritize and the specific wants they have for this job.Don’t phone it inIf you’re interviewing with some level of AI (a chatbot, a video screen of an oddly perfect-looking humanoid, a voice call with a n automated caller, etc.), don’t act like it’s less important than if you were dealing with a human. It can be tempting to put less effort into a dehumanized interview process, but remember, at some point, a human will be reviewing your interview. If they think you’re not taking the preliminary robot interview seriously, you’re unlikely to get called back for the real-deal, in-person version.With more companies than ever turning to AI to simplify and improve their hiring processes, the odds are ever greater that at some point during your job hunt you’ll have a robot interviewer. It’s the same level of prep, just a different focus. And whether you’re talking to a human or a robot, the goal is always to emphasize the stellar skills and experience that got you the interview in the first place. Good luck!

Off campus visit evaluation II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Off campus visit evaluation II - Essay Example Last July 21, 2008, the Community Development Commission held a meeting with regard to the â€Å"authorization to advertise for the street rehabilitation on Washington Boulevard (Norwalk Boulevard to Westman Avenue) and Norwalk Boulevard (Washington to Boer Avenue),† (Adjourned Meeting Community†¦, 2008). In addition, miscellaneous concrete repairs for the year 2007-2008 were also discussed (Adjourned Meeting Community†¦, 2008). During the discussion, the public was allowed to comment on any community development that concerns the agenda. New business was also discussed in the City Council Meeting of Santa Fe Springs. This is the â€Å"consideration of a request for financial assistance involving the construction and use of a new electronic reader board sign,† (Adjourned Meeting Community†¦, 2008). The members of the community who attended the council were made aware of the project, and would be later notified with the proceedings of the negotiation. The recent City Council Meeting of the Santa Fe Springs allowed the public to tackle the current issues of the city. The local issue regarding the street rehabilitations and concrete repairs were properly discussed and dealt with. The efforts of both the concerned citizens and the Community Development Commission (CDC) â€Å"improved the city’s quality of life,† (Santa Fe Springs†¦, n.d.). It also added to the city’s urban design and streetscape quality. The council meeting improved once again the overall development and potential of the city (Santa Fe Springs†¦, n.d.). All in all, the local issues on transportation were discussed transparently with the